![]() See also: Roman–Persian Wars, Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, and Siege of Constantinople (626) Byzantine and Sasanian Empires in 600 ADĪrabia was a region that hosted several cultures, some urban and others nomadic Bedouin. Some of the lands lost by the Byzantines to the Muslims (namely Egypt, Palestine, and Syria) had been reclaimed from the Sassanids only a few years prior to the Muslim conquests. However, Arab Christian confederations including the Ghassanids initially allied themselves with the Byzantines, and Sassanids and Byzantines fought together against the Muslims in the Battle of Firaz. It has been suggested that Jews and some Christians in Sassanid and Byzantine territory were dissatisfied and welcomed the invading Muslim forces, largely because of religious conflict in both empires. Most historians also agree that, as another primary factor determining the early Muslim conquests' success, the Sassanids and Byzantines were militarily and economically exhausted from decades of warfare against each other. Estimates of the total area of the combined territory held by the early Muslim polities at the conquests' peak have been as high as thirteen million square kilometres (five million square miles). religious) coherence and mobilization constituted the main factor that propelled early Muslim armies to successfully establish, in the timespan of a century, one of the largest empires in history. ![]() American scholar Fred McGraw Donner suggests that the formation of a state in Arabia coupled with ideological (i.e. Reasons that would provide an explanation for the Muslim victories have been difficult to reconstruct in hindsight, primarily because only fragmentary sources have survived from the period. According to Scottish historian James Buchan: "In speed and extent, the first Arab conquests were matched only by those of Alexander the Great, and they were more lasting." Īt their height, the territory that was conquered stretched from Iberia (at the Pyrenees) in the west to India (at Sind) in the east Muslim rule spanned Sicily, most of the Middle East and North Africa, and the Caucasus and Central Asia.Īmong other drastic changes, the early Muslim conquests brought about the collapse of the Sasanian Empire and great territorial losses for the Byzantine Empire. He established a new unified polity in Arabia that expanded rapidly under the Rashidun Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate, culminating in Islamic rule being established on three continents ( Asia, Africa, and Europe). The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests ( Arabic: الْفُتُوحَاتُ الإسْلَامِيَّة, romanized: al-Futūḥāt al-ʾIslāmiyya), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the main Islamic prophet.
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